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Botulinum toxin therapy is one of the most commonly used procedures when working with the perioral area. However, in this region, injections of botulinum neurotoxin can lead to various complications associated with muscle imbalance.
When we talk about the epidermis, we usually consider only its layers and their functionality, while paying little attention to cellular structures. Modern insights into the structure of the epidermis and its sixth layer from a renowned expert.
A distinctive feature of facial innervation is that sensory innervation is provided not only by the peripheral branches of the cranial nerves (the trigeminal nerve) but also by the spinal nerves (segmental innervation).
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